Female Shamans in Eastern Japan during the Edo period - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1119 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category History Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Japan Essay Did you like this example? In his article, Female Shamans in Eastern Japan during the Edo period, Gerald Groemer argues that Japanese Shamanism studies tend to focus on the psychologistic, folkloristic and phenomenological aspects (28). The history aspect is rarely discussed, and when it is tackled, it is often thematized and framed in broad and vague terms. For instance, Ikegami (1994) work on shamans focuses primarily on the 20th century. Blacker (1975) discusses ancient shamanism but leaps into the twentieth century. This article offers some authentic examination and contextualization of female shamans in the Kanto range amid the Edo time frame (1600-1868). The paper concentrates on the control of Miko by the establishment headed by Tamura Hachidayu, Miko occupations, hostile to Miko talk, and the finish of Miko associations amid the early Meiji period. These issues mirror that the Miko foundations experienced noteworthy verifiable changes through the span of time. Miko, often regarded as the chi ld of God, have been viewed as important in the indigenous Japanese culture and participated in the Shinto religion as shamans who performed a series of tasks ranging from sacred dance performances to cleansing rituals. Miko was involved in religious occupation through their marriage to Shinto priests or an akin religious practitioner. They performed a sacred dance that was controlled by an institution known as integrated Shinto. This institution of several combined Shinto was also headed by Tamura Hachidayu who took the name, Leader of the masters of sacred move of incorporated Shinto (Groemer, 29). Tamura Hadichayu was the head of several Miko and Shinto (dance-masters) in few of Shinanos provinces as well as the eight Kanto provinces. However, Tamura was only authorised to rule over the Miko who performed rituals of conjuring the voices of the departed or deceased. Kagura Miko, who presented kagura at Kanto holy places such as Sanja Gongen was out of his jurisdiction. Before T amura Hachidayus reign, Kowaka (Komatsu) Kandayus ancestor received a document that endowed Kandayu rule over the female ?catalpa-bow shamans and dance masters in the eight Kanto regions (Groemer, 30). Also, there was an attempt to organize spiritual experts functioning outside the recognized Buddhist religion and foster hierarchical relationships among Buddhist temples into official institutions with rules and laws. Female shamans roles in these new rules and laws were unclear and were subject to increasing restrictions and control. Kandayu faced tremendous challenges in establishing his rule on female shamans as their duties were not stipulated, and whichever shaman and shaman related individual could participate in several jobs such as religious dancers and traders of certain types of amulets. Tamura attempted to separate and clarify the ranges of prominence and rights over different expressions (Groemer, 34). He, however, managed to dominate Miko within the Kanto era that could practice business candidly. However, those who were never affiliated with the accredited associations needed to register with his to obtain a licence to trade. Tamuras influence and fortunes, however, began to fade in the early eighteenth century perhaps due to Yoshidas influence in the regulation of Shinto-based activities, poverty of the lower class of the rural society. Tamura succeeded in broadening the range of Miko roles to fortify his religious foundation in his association in addition to giving something of a shared conviction for every single individual under his rule (Groemer, 36). Miko engaged in several activities. Azusa Miko engaged in activities that required the catalpa bow and appealed to all the gods. Also, they performed the rising to the gods ceremony, Kojin purification ceremonies and provide traditional prayer of combined Shinto. Both men and women were allowed to participate in seven actions. These activities were the involvement in catalpa mannerisms throug h rosary bead usage, blue-rob talismans and hearth exorcism, distributing ema, dance and music performance on dance celebrations, granting supplication to worshippers, Daikoku distribution, and Doko exorcisms (Groemer, 37). Women generally performed the first three activities while men performed the rest. Miko in the Edo era was also required to exorcise evil spirits to cure illnesses (Groemer, 42).Not everyone was enamored by the Miko. Several individuals such as Arai Hakuga dismissed them as a part if the Buddist community. Ise Shrine grounds were a no-go zone for Miko to deliver oracles as it was believed they were deceptive (Groemer, 44). Some people even believed that the female shamans had loose morals. In the late eighteenth century, Miko were prohibited participating in anything that was similar to Shinto practice (Groemer, 45). They were only allowed to offer divination with rosary beads. The paper tries to explain the journey that female shamans underwent through differ ent leaders such as Kowara Kondaya and Tamura Hachidayu. Groemer disputes and discounts the representation of female shamans by other scholars as being visually impaired, discriminated and independent agents. He asserts through the nineteenth-century description that no place is mentioned about their visual impairments. Moreover, female shamans in the edo era were highly respected and formed a vital part of the integrated Shinto faith. However, female shamans experience discrimination during the early Meiji era, where they seem to be on the wrong side of the law. Groemer recognizes this in his paper where he states that female shamans are viewed as agents of deception, and all those who believe they are foolish. He mentions how Miko was viewed as hookers in disguise with loose morals on account of their dance performances. During the Meiji governments attempt to distance itself from Folk-religious beliefs and Buddhism, they associate Miko with the negative. Meiji succeeds in decentr alizing Tamura Hachidayu by abolishing his title, Head of sacred dance masters. He is prohibited to engage in any Miko activities. The government only allows Miko to offer prayers with divination beads, and this is also prohibited in 1963 (Groemer, 45). While Capalta shamans slowly fade into the background, other religious organizations take root which is coincidentally preapproved by the government. However, for a short period, the Meiji government manages to separate Shinto religion from Buddhism, distorted as it is (Liscutin). It is interesting to note that the female shamans do not have any semblance of independence. Their fate lies on their leaders under relevant institutions. This is a glaring disparity from the modern representation of the female shamans. In 1640, when bakufu want to implements its rule on religious registration, magistrates and of temples and shrines seek to control every devout figure besides the Yoshida Shinto, shugen along with Buddhist by means of pas sing additional laws and pronouncements. For instance, there was an edict known as Miko Kindanrei which was enforced by troops that were loyal to the Meiji regime and imposed that all spiritual activities practiced by the Miko were prohibited. In 1873, this edict was passed by the Ministry of Religion. The female shamans are not consulted, and their position is unclear in the laws and announcements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Female Shamans in Eastern Japan during the Edo period" essay for you Create order

E-commerce Security and Privacy Essay - 2128 Words

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Goodyear Case Essay Example For Students

Goodyear Case Essay Identification of Strategic Issues and ProblemsIn 1992, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company decided to reconsider the offer from Sears to sell Goodyears Eagle brand tires. The reasons that Goodyear was contemplating this offer was that Sears was replacing worn out Goodyear tires at a large amount every year. The tires were not being replaced with Goodyear tires because the customers at Sears wanted to replace their tires with the best possible tires that Sears offered, and the Goodyear tires were not in the offering. The companys major options in this decision were whether to sell only the Eagle brand tires or all of the Goodyear tire brands. Analysis and EvaluationThe tire industry is global in area and most competitors originate, market and sell their products worldwide. There are ten tire manufacturers that account for 75% of worldwide tire production. Of the ten tire manufacturers, Goodyear is the second largest. The industry divides into two markets: 1. The original equipment tire market and 2. The replacement tire market. The original equipment tires account for 25-30 percent of the companys production each year and the replacement tire market accounts for 70-75 percent of the production each year. Independent tire dealers usually carry the brands of several different major manufacturers and a discount priced private label brand so as to give the replacement buyers an assortment of prices, qualities and brands to chose from. The tire manufacturers decided that it would be profitable to produce a product line of tires to appeal to many buyers by making tires that can be driven under a variety of different road and weather conditions. Goodyears principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires throughout the world. The distribution of tires represented 83% of the companys corporate sales of $10.9 billion in 1991. Around 60% of Goodyear worldwide sales were in the tire replacement market and 40% were to the original equipment market. Because of the Goodyear name, which is one of the best known brand names in the world, the Goodyear tires have been positioned and priced as premium quality brands. It is one of the leading national advertisers in the U.S. The company also operates around 1,000 company owned Goodyear Auto Service Centers and sells through 2,500 franchised Goodyear Tires Dealers in the U.S. These outlets account for a good portion of the companys annual tire sales. RecommendationsBecause of an industry analysis that expects Sears to benefit from carrying Goodyear tires, I think it would be a good idea for Goodyear to sell their tires at Sears stores. The fact that Goodyear is losing many customers to Sears by Sears not offering replacement tires to their customers is becoming a large loss of business for Goodyear. The customers at Sears are returning customers, and feel that the integrity of the company is well represented by the products they offer. For Goodyear to sell their products at the Sears stores, it would show that the Goodyear name stands for quality and that the product can be trusted and is reliable. Chesterton Carpet Mills, Inc. Identification of Strategic Issues and ProblemsIn 1999 Suzanne Goldman, Special Assistant to the President of Chesterton Carpet Mills, Inc., was faced with the decision to establish the companys own distribution centers or wholesale operation based on the position of the industry and competitive position of the company. She was instructed to focus only on residential business and consider sales of 1999. She was to address the strategic and economic aspects of a change in distribution practices. Analysis and EvaluationApproximately $50 billion is spent annually for floorcoverings. The largest category of floor coverings is carpet and rugs, followed by resilient coverings such as vinyl, hardwood, ceramic tile and laminates. .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .postImageUrl , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:visited , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:active { border:0!important; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:active , .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u414256e19316dd4b234f8a7e55b552bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cover Up - JFK Essay Industry sales are divided between commercial sales and residential sales. Lack of marketing is often a problem with the decline of U.S companies providing carpet to residential and business customers. The market for U. S. made carpet and rugs is extremely competitive and U.S. manufacturers are experiencing rapid declines in sales. As changes in the carpet and floor covering industry were made one of the biggest changes that had an effect on the entire industry, was when manufacturers started to operate its own retail stores. Many of the chain retail stores dropped these manufacturers and began selling other manufacturers products. Many wholesalers began feeling pressure to shave their profit margins to accommodate retailer-pricing demands. Many of their retail accounts had joined regional retail buying groups and were seeking price breaks comparable to those made possible through their group purchases. This made Chesterton Carpet Mills agree to consider a reduction in its price to wholesalers that could be passes on to retailers. RecommendationsConsidering that wholesalers were threatening to pull their business from Chesterton, and because of the sales figures that would be needed to operate the direct distribution centers it would not be wise at this time to begin operations in this manner. I think that it would be smart for the company to reconsider when the industry becomes less competitive, and a little more stable. Words/ Pages : 883 / 24

Porosity And Fluid Saturations Essays (954 words) - Hydrology

Porosity And Fluid Saturations POROSITY: Porosity is the best known physical characteristic of an oil reservoir.It determines the volume of oil or gas present,and all recovery computations must be based on knowledge of its value. Porosity of a material is defined as that fraction of the bulk volume of this material that is not occupied by the solid framework of the material.In oil reservoirs,the porosity represents the percentage of the total space that is available for occupancy by eighter liquids or gases.It determines the storage capacity of the sand and is generally expressed on a percentage basis or as a fraction or a decimal. One may distinguish two types of porosity,namely,absolute and effective: Absolute porosity is the percentage of total void space with respect to the bulk volume regardless of the interconnection of the pore voids. Effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected void space with respect to the bulk volume. Effective Porosity Measurements: Grain volume methods:In these methods the consolidated sample is solvent extracted and dried;the bulk volume is determined eighter by the displacement of a liquid which does not penetrate the sample or by saturating the sample and volumetrically displacing a suitable liquid with the saturated sample.The grain volume,or volume of the solid framework of the sample,maybe measured by the volumetric displacement of a gas or a liquid,while the pore volume may be measured by determining the amount of liguid neccesary to saturate the sample. It is obvious that the percentage of porosity may be calculated from such data by use of eighter of the two following relationships: Per cent porosity=100x(bulk volume - grain volume/bulk volume) OR Per cent porosity=100x(pore volume/bulk volume) Bulk volume determination:The bulk volume of the extracted and dried samples may be determined by volumetric displacement of mercury. Pore gas expansion method:The measurements of porosity may also be made by the pore-gas expansion method,or so-called Washburn-Bunting method.(1922).This method makes use of a modified Toepler pump so much in use in high-vacuum techniques in order to produce the barometric vacuum and remove air from a dried core.The bulk volume of the core must be known from other tests. Mercury-injection method:When a rock has a very small fraction of void space,it is diffucult to measure it by methods previously discussed.One may then resort to forcing a noncompressible liquid into the sample under very high pressure.The original idea appears to have been that of Horner(1944). Loss of weight method:The measurement of the grain volume of a core sample may also be determined by the loss in weight of a saturated sample plunged in a liquid. Liquid saturation Method:Measurements of pore volume may also be achieved by liquid saturation. Porosity of large core samples:A technique is advocated by Locke and Bliss(1950) for the measurement of porosity in large cores,i.e,cores as recovered from drilling operations without further reduction in size by sampling of small plugs. Absolute Porosity Measurement:In the determination of absolute porosity,it is required that all nonconnecting as well as interconnecting pores be accounted for. FLUID SATURATIONS: Methods for the determination of reservoir fluid saturations in place consist in analyzing reservoir core samples for water and oil,the saturation in gas being obtained by difference since the sum of the saturations in the three fluids is equal to unity. As a general practice a simple procedure is to determine the water saturation of a sample by a suitable technique and then to measure the total loss of weight of the sample on extraction and drying.The quantity of oil present is then calculated by subtracting the weight of water found from the total loss in weight.The methods which may be recommended for this determination will be discussed briefly. Distillation method: Water saturation may be determined by distillation methods such as the ASTM method and the Dean and Stark method. Critical solution temperature method:A fluid saturation method whick makes use of the critical solutoin tempereture has been described by Taylor(1938). Titration method: Another procedure for saturation determination makes use of the titration method. Retort method: the procedures discussed above are nearly all combinations or modifications of methoads previously described in the availble literature which have been found satisfoctory in handling a great variety of core samples with various requirements of rapididty and accuracy. Other methods have been tested and found to be less desirable, such as the retort method( Yuster and Levine, 1938). The main objection to